#NEUE WEGE DAS BOOT TORRENT FULL#
The mid- to upper montane forests expanded to their full altitudinal range, while montane oak forest, grassland, and woodland areas had contracted. At 8,000-9,000 years ago, the climate became warmer and slightly wetter.
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These periods are also indicated by the lowering of the tree line which facilitated montane fauna to disperse across lower elevations. Such an expansion led to the increased isolation of rainforests and of the faunas adapted to them. There was a phase of expansion for montane oak forests, grasslands and woodlands during the period 18,000-14,000 years ago in East Indonesia and 16,500-12,000 years ago in West Indonesia. These different clusters suggest in turn the shifts of biogeographical lines in the Indonesian Archipelago.įurthermore, oscillation in climate, eustatic sea level changes and fluctuations in vegetation in the Quaternary period had much affected the distribution pattern of animals. The affinities between these endemic centres revealed that there are two clusters of islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, North Moluccas, New Guinea and the Lesser Sundas/Banda Arcs. There are currently at least seven endemic centres, which can be recognised, i.e. Some islands, especially in the Wallacea region, emerged very late and as a result nowadays they are lacking endemic forms. These events caused major reorganisation of island positions and island forms, which in turn resulted in faunal extinction around the mid-Pliocene. The results show that faunal migration of Oriental and Australian lineages to the Indonesian Archipelago may have been happening since the Palaeocene period and more importantly, island drifts might have facilitated such migration. The analyses have mainly used the present-day distribution of terrestrial vertebrates, especially the smallest ranges of species and subspecies. At the same time, it also evaluated different lines suggested for separating the Oriental and Australian faunal region in the Indonesian region. This study investigates the endemic centres of Indonesian animals and the biodiversity across geographical gradients.